On macOS the Company Portal app keeps no log file on disk. Use Help > Save diagnostic report, which writes CompanyPortal.zip holding CompanyPortal.log. The agent logs under /Library/Logs/Microsoft/Intune belong to the Intune MDM Agent.
Where Intune Company Portal keeps its logs
Intune Company Portal logs to %LOCALAPPDATA%\Packages\Microsoft.CompanyPortal_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalState\ on Windows. These paths were verified for msix and appx installs - a different installer, or a portable copy, can put them somewhere else.
Paths are printed exactly as Intune Company Portal writes them. Environment variables like %LOCALAPPDATA% and $XDG_STATE_HOME are never expanded, so a path can be pasted straight into a shell. Where a path differs between installer types or shipping flavours, each one is racked as its own card below - why that happens.