iCloud for Windows logs to %LOCALAPPDATA%\Packages\AppleInc.iCloud_<hash>\LocalCache\Local\Logs\ on Windows.
Paths are printed exactly as iCloud for Windows writes them. Environment variables like %LOCALAPPDATA% and $XDG_STATE_HOME are never expanded, so a path can be pasted straight into a shell. Where a path differs between installer types or shipping flavours, each one is racked as its own card below - why that happens.